And cyber-attacks have been raging on both sides, with warnings things could escalate.
But a digital war is being waged in many other ways too – from questions about whether technology companies should block content to Russia, to online censorship, the spread of disinformation, and Ukraine’s internet-facing disruption as missiles fall.
What is going on in the cyber war?
The Anonymous hacking collective has declared a cyber-war on the Russian government.
Its claims should be treated with skepticism – but it has reportedly hacked state TV channels to show pro-Ukraine content.
There has also been hacking against Ukraine, with denial-of-service attacks hitting government websites and the emergence of what looks like ransomware without the ability to recover data.
This “wiper” malware – “intended to be destructive and designed to render targeted devices inoperable” – had been found in dozens of Ukrainian systems across the government, non-profit, and information technology sectors, Microsoft said.
And the Reuters news agency reported Ukrainian officials had alleged a Belarusian cyber-spying operation was targeting personal email accounts belonging to Kyiv’s forces.
In the UK, Business Secretary Kwasi Kwarteng will reportedly hold talks with Paula Rosput Reynolds, who chairs the National Grid, amid fears of a wave of state-sponsored Russian attacks.
And the National Cyber Security Centre has called on organizations to bolster their online defenses.
Although, its former head Ciaran Martin told the Guardian newspaper cyber had played “remarkably little part” in the conflict so far.
Is the internet still working in Ukraine?
Internet access is likely to be patchy during any conflict, as bombs and missiles damage networks and equipment.
And on Friday, heavy fighting in the city of Kharkiv saw significant disruption, according to NetBlocks, with connectivity to Ukraine’s main internet provider, GigaTrans, dropping below 20% of normal levels.
Entrepreneur Elon Musk, always keen to help out in a crisis, responded quickly to calls for his satellite broadband service, Starlink, to be made active in the country – but it remains hard to tell where it is deployed and how much it is helping.
The Starlink networks offered “hope for connectivity in a worst-case scenario”, NetBlocks told BBC News, but its terminals were likely to be in short supply.
“There is truly no silver bullet for staying connected in a crisis,” NetBlocks added.
Meanwhile, Citizen Lab senior researcher John Scott-Railton tweeted: “If Putin controls the air above Ukraine, users’ uplink transmissions become beacons for airstrikes.”
In the UK, mobile operators, including O2, Vodafone, Three, and EE, have made mobile calls to Ukraine free, with no additional roaming charges for those in the country.
How is big tech responding?
Pretty much as soon as Russia invaded, Ukraine’s politicians began asking the big technology companies so many rely on for information and entertainment to play an active role in the war.
“We need your support,” Deputy Prime Minister and Digital Transformation Minister Mykhailo Fedorov told Apple chief executive Tim Cook.
“In 2022, modern technology is perhaps the best answer to the tanks, multiple-rocket launchers, and missiles.”
He also asked Meta to ban access to Facebook and Instagram in Russia.
But the company’s head of global affairs, Nick Clegg, said this would prevent people there from using them to “protest and organize against the war and as a source of independent information”.
The Ukrainians have also suggested that we remove access to Facebook and Instagram in Russia. However, people in Russia are using FB and IG to protest and organize against the war and as a source of independent information.
— Nick Clegg (@nickclegg) February 27, 2022
Mr. Cook was also non-committal, saying Apple was supporting humanitarian efforts and remained “deeply concerned” about the conflict.
YouTube, meanwhile, has said it will halt several Russian channels’ ability to make money – and limit recommendations to them
Parent company Google, the world’s biggest ad seller, added it would not let Russian state media sell adverts using its tools.
And after consulting with regional authorities, it has disabled live traffic and information about how busy places such as shops and restaurants are
Facebook and Google have also restricted access to some state media accounts in Ukraine, at the request of the Ukrainian government, and banned downloads of Russia Today’s mobile app.
Facebook has taken down a network run by people in Russia and Ukraine for “inauthentic behavior”, posing as independent news entities and creating fake personas across its channels.
And it warned about a hack called Ghostwriter accessing the Ukrainian military and public figures’ social media, via email, to post disinformation.
Additional privacy measures rolled out in Ukraine had been enabled in Russia following reports of the targeting of people protesting about the war, the social network said, including:
- letting users lock their profile to prevent others downloading or sharing it or their posts
- removing the ability to view and search accounts’ friend’s lists
- sending everyone in Russia a notification about Instagram account security and checking their settings to make their accounts private
On Monday, Twitter announced that it would label tweets that link to content from state-affiliated Russian media accounts.
It also said it was taking steps to reduce the circulation of this type of content on its platform.
Today, we’re adding labels to Tweets that share links to Russian state-affiliated media websites and are taking steps to significantly reduce the circulation of this content on Twitter.
We’ll roll out these labels to other state-affiliated media outlets in the coming weeks. pic.twitter.com/57Dycmn8lx
— Yoel Roth (@yoyoel) February 28, 2022
There will be debate about how big role corporations should take in a war but some felt it was a moral imperative.
“It’s appropriate for American companies to pick sides in geopolitical conflicts – and this should be an easy call,” former chief security officer at Facebook Alex Stamos tweeted:
What is the situation in Russia?
Russia’s government has imposed partial blockades on Facebook and Twitter, after clashes with the companies.
The country’s communication regulator, Roskomnadzor, accused Facebook of “violating the rights and freedoms of Russian citizens” after Meta refused to stop fact-checking and labeling content from state-owned news organizations.
And NetBlocks reported Twitter had been heavily throttled across every major Russian telecom provider.
BBC News reporter Steve Rosenberg also said access to Twitter was “being severely restricted”.
“This message got through but took a while,” he tweeted.
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